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Direct criminal speech offense — enaltecimiento

Spain

Direct speech crime: public enaltecimiento or justificación of terrorist offences, plus a victim-protection limb. One to three years. Art. 510 is the hate overlay — do not collapse them.

Independent-praise crime?
Yes — Código Penal art. 578 (enaltecimiento / justificación)
Test
Public glorification or justification of terrorist offences or of those who committed them; a second limb protects victims. Online dissemination takes the upper half. A public-peace aggravator can raise further.
Who decides
Fiscalía / Audiencia Nacional on many terrorism files. Constitutional Court has narrowed some applications.
Cost
1 to 3 years and a 12-to-18-month fine; upper half online.
Live statuteSupportedSpainListed-speech offence

Artículo 578 — enaltecimiento o justificación del terrorismo

Ley Orgánica 10/1995, Código Penal

Target
Public glorification or justification of terrorist offences in arts. 572–577, or of those who participated; also acts of discredit, contempt, or humiliation of terrorist-offence victims or their families
Test
Public enaltecimiento or justificación. A second limb protects victims. Online dissemination takes the upper half of the range. A public-peace / fear aggravator can raise the range further. Not Brandenburg.
Max
1 to 3 years and a 12-to-18-month fine; upper half if committed via internet or electronic communications
El enaltecimiento o la justificación públicos de los delitos comprendidos en los artículos 572 a 577 o de quienes hayan participado en su ejecución, o la realización de actos que entrañen descrédito, menosprecio o humillación de las víctimas de los delitos terroristas o de sus familiares, se castigará con la pena de prisión de uno a tres años y multa de doce a dieciocho meses.

Código Penal art. 578.1, as rewritten by Ley Orgánica 2/2015 (in force 1 July 2015). Unofficial English: public glorification or justification of the offences in arts. 572–577, or of those who took part, or acts that discredit, disparage or humiliate the victims or their families.

Cite · Código Penal art. 578 (LO 10/1995, as amended by LO 2/2015) · as of 2026-09-05

Spain is a quoted example of a listed-speech offence in the penal code. The United States is a quoted example of the other side of that cut. Keep art. 578 off the overlay taxonomy.

  • This is a listed-speech offence. Israel, the UK, and France are quoted examples of that form, not the product identity. Art. 510 is the hate overlay — do not collapse them. Art. 510 remains Unproven-as-quoted here.
  • Constitutional Court case law has narrowed some applications. A conviction dataset is Unproven in this pack.
Primary source